Orthopaedics Library - Comprehensive Orthopaedics

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Arthritis

Know Your Risks

Osteoporosis is a disease that slowly weakens bones until they break easily. People who have a broken bone related to osteoporosis often experience a downward turn in their overall health.

Basic Anatomy See All

Understanding Bones in Basic Anatomy

A typical bone in your body contains 3 types of tissue - a hard outer tissue, a sponge-like inner tissue, and smooth tissue at the ends. ...more

Anatomy of the Spine in Basic Anatomy

Your backbone, also called the vertebral column, is made up of 33 vertebrae separated by spongy disks. ...more

Anatomy of the Shoulder in Basic Anatomy

The shoulder is a complex joint with several layers, including bones, ligaments, tendons, and muscles. ...more

Anatomy of a Joint in Basic Anatomy

Joints are the areas where 2 or more bones meet. Most joints are mobile, allowing the bones to move. ...more

Anatomy of the Male and Female Pelvis in Basic Anatomy

The pelvis is a basin-shaped structure that supports the spinal column and protects the abdominal organs. ...more

Anatomy of the Elbow in Basic Anatomy

The elbow is a hinge joint between the humerus bone in the upper arm and the radius and ulnar bones in the lower arm. ...more

Anatomy of the Knee in Basic Anatomy

The knee is a vulnerable joint that bears a lot of stress from everyday activities, such as lifting and from high-impact activities, such as jogging. ...more

Anatomy of the Foot in Basic Anatomy

Your feet are susceptible to many stresses. Foot pain and problems can cause pain, inflammation, or injury. ...more

Anatomy of the Hand in Basic Anatomy

Each of your hands has three types of bones: phalanges in your fingers; metacarpals in your mid-hand, and carpals in your wrist. ...more

Orthopedic Tests and Procedures See AllDiagnostic Procedures See AllOrthopedic Treatments See All

Orthopedic Treatment Team in Orthopedic Tests and Procedures

Members of your treatment team may include an orthopedic surgeon, a rheumatologist, and a physical therapist. Read on for details. ...more

Chronic Pain in Orthopedic Tests and Procedures

Chronic pain is pain that lasts for more than three months. Learn more about symptoms, diagnosis, and treatments. ...more

Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation in Orthopedic Tests and Procedures

The goal of musculoskeletal rehab is to help you return to the highest level of function and independence possible. ...more

Corticosteroid Shots in Orthopedic Tests and Procedures

Corticosteroid injections can treat many skeletal, muscular, and spinal conditions. Some of these injections can be done by your healthcare provider during a routine clinic visit. Others need a referral to a pain specialist. ...more

Fly Through Airport Security with Your New Joint in Orthopedic Tests and Procedures

Some joint implants can set off security alarms in airports. Follow these tips on traveling after joint replacement surgery. ...more

Orthopedic Conditions and Disorders See AllBack and Neck See AllShoulder and Elbow See AllHand and Wrist See AllHip See AllKnee See AllLeg and Foot See AllBone Tumors See AllOther Bone Conditions See All

Torticollis in Back and Neck

Torticollis is a condition in which the neck is twisted and causes the head to rotate and tilt at an odd angle. The cause of torticollis is unknown, but treatment can help. ...more

Whiplash Injury in Back and Neck

Whiplash means your neck was bent forcibly forward and then backward, or vice versa....more

Common Injuries of the Shoulder in Shoulder and Elbow

The shoulder is the most mobile joint in the body, but because of this flexibility, it is not very stable and is easily injured. ...more

Shoulder Dislocation in Shoulder and Elbow

A dislocated shoulder means the upper arm bone (humerus) has moved out of the shoulder joint. It can cause pain, swelling, numbness and trouble moving the shoulder. ...more

Hand Pain and Problems in Hand and Wrist

Common hand problems include arthritis, carpal tunnel syndrome, and ganglion cysts....more

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in Hand and Wrist

Women develop carpal tunnel syndrome 3 times more frequently than men. It usually occurs only in adults. ...more

Hip Fracture in Hip

A hip fracture is a break in the thigh bone (femur) of your hip joint. The majority happen to people older than 60 years of age, and women get more hip fractures than men. ...more

Osteoarthritis (OA) in Hip

Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis. It is a chronic degenerative joint disease that affects mostly middle-aged and older adults. Osteoarthritis causes the breakdown of joint cartilage. It can occur in any joint, but it most often affects the hands, knees, hips, or spine. ...more

Evaluation Procedures for Orthopedic Problems in Hip, Knee

To help the orthopedist determine your treatment, you'll need a physical exam, a medical history profile, and a description of symptoms. ...more

Treatment Plans in Hip, Knee

For most orthopedic disorders and injuries, more than one form of treatment may be appropriate....more

Foot Pain and Problems in Leg and Foot

Foot pain is often caused by incorrect foot function. Shoes that don't fit well can make foot problems worse and, in some cases, cause them. ...more

Understanding Bone Spurs in Leg and Foot

Scientists believe bone spurs happen because of osteoarthritis or when the body tries to heal itself after a trauma by replacing bone. ...more

Chondroblastoma in Benign

A chondroblastoma is a rare type of noncancerous bone tumor that begins in cartilage. This is the specialized, gristly connective tissue from which most bones develop. It plays an important role in the growth process. There are many different types of cartilage in the body. Chondroblastoma most often affects the ends of the long bones, near the growth plate, in the arms at the shoulder, and in the legs at the hip and knee. It is also called Codman’s tumor. ...more

Enchondroma in Benign

An enchondroma is a type of noncancerous bone tumor that begins in cartilage. An enchondroma most often affects the cartilage that lines the inside of the bones. It often affects the tiny long bones of the hands and feet. It may also affect other bones such as the femur (thighbone), humerus (upper arm bone), or tibia (one of the two lower leg bones). ...more

Chondrosarcoma in Cancer

Chondrosarcoma is the second most common type of primary bone cancer in adults. It mainly affects the cartilage cells of the femur, arm, pelvis, knee, and spine. ...more

Multiple Myeloma: Treatment Questions in Cancer

Talking with healthcare providers about your cancer can be overwhelming. Read on for a helpful list of questions that you can bring to your appointments. ...more

Fibrous Dysplasia in Other Bone Conditions

Fibrous dysplasia is a chronic disorder in which an abnormal development of fibrous tissue causes bones to expand. Any bone can be affected. More than one bone can be affected at any one time, and, when multiple bones are affected, it is not unusual for them to all be on one side of the body. However, fibrous dysplasia does not spread from one bone to another. ...more

Osteogenesis Imperfecta in Children in Other Bone Conditions

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is an inherited (genetic) bone disorder that is present at birth. It is also known as brittle bone disease. A child born with OI may have soft bones that break (fracture) easily, bones that are not formed normally, and other problems. Signs and symptoms may range from mild to severe. ...more

Arthritis and Rheumatic Disorders See AllUnderstanding Arthritis See AllTypes of Arthritis See AllTypes of Rheumatic Disorders See AllTreatment of Arthritis See AllLiving With Arthritis See All

About Arthritis and Other Rheumatic Diseases in Understanding Arthritis

Arthritis, itself a group of more than 100 different diseases, is 1 category of rheumatic diseases. Read on to learn more about these conditions, and the types of healthcare providers who treat them. ...more

Arthritis in Understanding Arthritis

Arthritis and other rheumatic diseases are common conditions that cause pain, swelling, and limited movement. They affect joints and connective tissues around the body. Millions of people in the U.S. have some form of arthritis. ...more

Bursitis in Types of Arthritis

Bursitis is inflammation of the fluid-filled sac (bursa) that cushions and reduces friction between tissues of the body. Read on to learn details about this condition. ...more

Gout in Types of Arthritis

Gout is a condition that causes inflamed, painful joints. The symptoms are caused by deposits of urate crystals at the joints. ...more

Raynaud's Phenomenon in Types of Rheumatic Disorders

Raynaud's phenomenon is a disorder that causes decreased blood flow to the fingers. In some cases, it also causes less blood flow to the ears, toes, nipples, knees, or nose. This happens due to spasms of blood vessels in those areas. The spasms happen in response to cold, stress, or emotional upset. ...more

Scleroderma in Types of Rheumatic Disorders

Scleroderma is an ongoing (chronic) disease that causes abnormal growth of connective tissue. It can affect the joints, skin, and internal organs. It is degenerative and gets worse over time. ...more

How to Manage Your Osteoarthritis in Treatment of Arthritis, Living With Arthritis

Taking arthritis medicine is important, but what you do for yourself, including exercising, doing relaxation exercises and managing your emotions and attitudes, is just as crucial to your ability to lead an active, productive life. ...more

Answers to Your Questions About Arthritis and Exercise in Living With Arthritis

People with arthritis can improve their health and fitness through exercise without damaging their joints. ...more

Osteoporosis See All

Osteoporosis in Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a disease that causes weak, thinning bones. This leaves the bones at greater risk of breaking. The bones most often affected are the hips, spine, and wrists. ...more

Osteoporosis: Evaluate Your Risk in Osteoporosis

Many people are unaware they have osteoporosis until they have advanced symptoms, which may include a broken hip or wrist, low back pain, or a hunched back. ...more

Bone Density Test in Osteoporosis

A bone density test measures the strength and density of your bones as you approach menopause and, when the test is repeated sometime later, can help determine how quickly you are losing bone mass and density. ...more

Fractures See All

Fractures in Fractures

A fracture is a partial or complete break in the bone. Read on for details about causes, symptoms, and treatment. ...more

Hip Fracture in Fractures

A hip fracture is a break in the thigh bone (femur) of your hip joint. The majority happen to people older than 60 years of age, and women get more hip fractures than men. ...more

Sprains, Strains, Breaks: What’s the Difference? in Fractures

If you've sprained your ankle, you know what pain is. But maybe that "sprain" was a "strain" or possibly even a "break." The amount of pain in each case can be virtually equal. ...more

Stress Fractures of the Foot in Fractures

Stress fractures are weak spots or small cracks in the bone caused by continuous overuse. They often occur in the foot after training for basketball, running, and other sports. ...more

You Can Head Off Stress Fractures in Fractures

A stress fracture happens when you increase the length or intensity of your workout too quickly. ...more

Bone Density Test in Fractures

Cast Types and Maintenance Instructions in Fractures

The outside of a cast can be made of plaster or fiberglass. Cotton and synthetic materials line the inside of the cast to make it soft and to provide padding around bony areas, such as the wrist or elbow. ...more

Crutch Walking in Fractures

Step-by-step tips to help your child learn to use crutches, including going up and down stairs, sitting and standing up, and more. ...more

Nasal Fracture in Children in Fractures

A nasal fracture is a break in one or more of the bones of the nose, caused by trauma. It's also called a broken nose. ...more

Boxer’s Fracture in Fractures

A boxer's fracture is a break in the neck of the fifth metacarpal bone in the hand. It gets its name because the injury is common in inexperienced boxers. ...more

Pilon Fracture of the Ankle in Fractures

A pilon fracture is a type of break of the shinbone (tibia) that happens near the ankle. Most of the time, it involves breaks in both the tibia and fibula of the lower leg. The lower ends of these bones make up part of the ankle. ...more

Possible Occult Fracture in Fractures

A possible occult fracture is a suspected fracture that needs to be confirmed with other imaging tests. Read on to learn more. ...more

Pelvis Problems in Fractures

Detailed information on the most common pelvis problems, including pelvic fractures and osteitis pubis. ...more

Shoulder Pain and Problems in Fractures

Detailed information on shoulder pain and the most common types of shoulder problems....more

Sports Injuries See AllSprains and Strains See AllTreating Sports Injuries See AllPreventing Sports Injuries See All

Tendonitis and Tenosynovitis in Sprains and Strains

Tendonitis is when a tendon is inflamed. When a tendon is inflamed, it can cause swelling, pain, and discomfort. Another problem called tenosynovitis is linked to tendonitis. This is the inflammation of the lining of the tendon sheath around a tendon. ...more

The Best Ways to Treat, Prevent Tendonitis in Sprains and Strains

Tendonitis is your body's way of telling you, "Enough! You're putting too much stress on this muscle and joint." ...more

Ice Packs vs. Warm Compresses For Pain in Treating Sports Injuries

It can sometimes be confusing whether to use heat or cold when treating sore muscles or an injury. Here are facts to keep in mind. ...more

Cold Therapy (Cryotherapy) for Pain Management in Treating Sports Injuries

When used to treat injuries at home, cryotherapy refers to cold therapy with ice or gel packs that are usually kept in the freezer until needed. These remain one of the simplest, time-tested remedies for managing pain and swelling. ...more

What is a contusion? A sprain? A strain? Find out more about these common sports injuries....more

Preventing Sports Injuries in Preventing Sports Injuries

Read on for helpful steps to take to prevent sports injuries....more

Preventing Injuries at Work See AllErgonomics See AllPrevention and Exercise See All

Low Back Pain in Ergonomics

Everyone has experienced low back pain at one time or another. Most people can recover from low back pain with home treatment, such as changes in activity, weight loss, quitting smoking, and other steps. Sometimes medicine or surgery is needed. ...more

Stretches for Your Lower Legs in Prevention and Exercise

Stretching can keep your lower legs limber and your joints pain free....more

Orthopedic Conditions and Children See AllCongenital and Hereditary Disorders See AllGrowth-Related Disorders See All

Metatarsus Adductus in Children in Congenital and Hereditary Disorders

Metatarsus adductus is a common foot deformity noted at birth. It causes the front half of the child's foot (forefoot) to turn inward. ...more

Congenital Limb Difference in Children in Congenital and Hereditary Disorders

A congenital limb difference is when an arm or leg doesn't form normally as a baby grows in the uterus. The baby is born with the difference. ...more

Nursemaid’s Elbow in Children in Growth-Related Disorders

Nursemaid's elbow is a type of elbow injury. It's when a forearm bone (radius) slips out of place from where it normally attaches to the elbow joint. ...more

Tibial Torsion in Children in Growth-Related Disorders

Tibial torsion is an inward twisting of the shinbones. These bones are located between the knee and the ankle. Tibial torsion causes a child's feet to turn inward. ...more

Interactive Tools See All

Adult BMI Calculator

Experts are increasingly urging people to know their BMI, a figure that takes into account not just weight but also height to indicate body fat....more

Arthritis Quiz

True or False: Arthritis affects only the wrist, ankle, and knee joints....more

Back Care Quiz

Back pain is a common complaint, but how serious is it? Take this quiz and see how much you know about back care. ...more

Osteoporosis Risk Assessment

Osteoporosis is a disease that slowly weakens bones until they break easily. People who have a broken bone related to osteoporosis often experience a downward turn in their overall health. ...more

Multimedia See All

Shoulder (AC) Arthritis

Osteoarthritis of the AC joint in the shoulder is common in middle-aged or older adults. This video explains how this condition develops and how you can minimize its effects....more

Rotator Cuff Tendonitis

Having shoulder pain or problems lifting your arms over your head? You may have tendonitis or a tear in the muscles and tendons that hold your shoulder in place, called the rotator cuff. This video explains symptoms of this syndrome, possible treatments, and ways you can prevent shoulder injuries....more

Online Resources See All

Videos (12) See All

Shoulder Arthritis and Replacement

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